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Biotechnology a blessing for the Textile Industry

Biotechnology has made rapid advances in genetic engineering, with the possibility to "tailor" the agencies in order to optimize production of established or novel metabolites of commercial importance and of transferring genetic material (genes) from one organism to another. It has saved in industrial development processes with less energy and renewable raw materials, making it an effective and integrated interdisciplinary science natural and engineering. Few textile industry applications are concentrated here.

Fiber and Biopolymer cotton, wool and silk fibers natural textiles are an advantage, but only biotechnology produce fibers and improve returns on existing fibers. Cotton is a leading global textile fiber with approximately 20 million tonnes grown annually by about 85 countries but is vulnerable to many insects, and to maintain yields, large amounts of pesticides in use. Cotton is prone to weed infestation under intensive irrigation conditions and needs throughout their growth cycle, and has poor tolerance to any of the herbicides. Biotechnologists have therefore put forth the short-term goals on the genetic engineering of insects, disease and herbicide resistance in cotton plant with the modification of fiber quality properties and have high performance cottons. Natural colored cotton market are attracting transgenic cotton world therefore, of intense color (blue and reds) is the dream of the day that can substitute for the bleaching and dyeing.

Biotechnology has greatly influenced the production of animal fiber, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, diagnosis, genetic engineering vaccines and therapeutic drugs are other catchments of the same. CSIRO National Research Organization of Australia is putting efforts to amend genetics of sheep to withstand the attack of fly larvae engineering of a sheep that secrete an insect repellent to your hair follicles and 'shearing wool biological.'' And it is expected that artificial epidermal growth factor, which interrupts the injection of sheep hair growth within a month, breaks in wool fiber and wool can remove everything in half the time it takes to shear a sheep.

Fermentation is the development of biopolymers in general-is ie, compound storage of bacteria at polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is developed by Zeneca Bioproducts and was like 'Biopol'. Polyester is high molecular weight linear thermoplastic (it melts at 180 ° C) and can melt spinning biocompatible and suitable for use biodegradable surgical sutures in the human body enzymes degrade slowly. Biopol is being used as conventional plastics for bottles of shampoo, but not economical, the research is to produce Biopol plant, probably of the variety of genetic engineering of the violation. Polysaccharide chitin, alginate, dextran, hyaluronic acid, biopolymers are of interest in wound healing, such as chitin and chitosan derivatives are important components of cell walls of fungi, currently manufactured from seafood (shellfish) residues. Japanese Patent Unitika adopted include the use of fibers made of chitin in the dressings. In BTTG, research has been addressed by the use of filamentous fungi intact as a direct source of chitin and chitosan fiber to produce cheaper dressings and other novel materials. The tests are performed in the Welsh School of Pharmacy indicate that these products have properties of acceleration of wound healing. Dressings based on calcium alginate fibers have developed by Courtaulds and marketed as' SORBS. Current supply of this polysaccharide are based on the extraction of marine algae of Brown. However, a polymer similar structure can also be produced by fermentation of certain species of bacteria. Dextran, which is produced by fermentation of sucrose by Leuconostoc mesenteroides or related species of bacteria, is also being developed as a non-fibrous tissue of the specialty end uses such as wound dressings. Additional biopolymers are only now coming on the market thanks to biotechnology, for example, hyaluronic acid, a polydisaccharide D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine matrices found in connective tissue of vertebrates and is also present in the capsules of some bacteria. The original method of production by extraction rooster combs was very inefficient, requiring 5 kg of yellow rattle to provide 4 g of hyaluronic acid. Fermentech, a British biotechnology company, is now hyaluronic acid production by fermentation. The same amount of high quality purified hyaluronic acid can be obtained from 4 liters of fermentation broth, compared with 5 kg of yellow rattle.

Different routes of biotechnology for the production of cellulose is working in the world, the cellulose is produced as an extra cellular polysaccharide several ribbon-shaped bacteria such as micro fiber, and can be used to produce molded materials relatively high strength. From Sony, a Japanese electronics company has patented a way to make hi-fi loudspeaker cones and diaphragms of bacterial cellulose. An alternative route to cellulose, even at a very early stage of development, concerns the in vitro culture of plant cells. The cell culture of Gossypium different strains can produce cotton fibers in vitro is a more uniform product that particular sample, the desired properties. Plant tissue culture can provide a constant, every year product offerings without climatic or geographical pest free from contamination. Proteins are interesting biopolymers for the use of new genetic engineering techniques in animal and vegetable protein genes (eg, collagen, silks several) can now be transferred to computers adequate and proteins produced by microbial fermentation. U.S. Army Spider silk is taking a high performance fiber for body armor.

Enzymes

Chemical reactions on catalytic proteins (enzymes) are a central feature of living systems, makes enzymes in living cells, although the enzymes themselves are not alive and can encourage more living cells to make enzymes that would normally do. or to make a slightly different enzyme (protein engineering), with improved specificity, stability and performance in industrial processes and operate under mild conditions of pH and temperature. Many enzymes have high specificity and stereo selectivity. With the notable exception of removal of starch size by amylase, however, little attention is given to the application of enzymes in textile processing of textile eg preparation of flax and hemp dew retting involves the action of pectolytic enzymes of microorganisms that degrade pectin in middle lamella of plant fibers. However, it seems that attempts be taken to use enzyme preparations isolated from the desired effect, although its effectiveness has been demonstrated in the laboratory.

The use of isolated enzymes to remove fats and waxes, pectins, seed coat material and color impurities loom state cotton and cotton / polyester, resulting in a novel, under the energy material preparation process, (replace the scouring and bleaching) is investigated in BTTG. Only a partial success that make use of existing commercial preparations of the enzyme, due to the recalcitrant nature of some of the ingredients and the process proved too slow and therefore uneconomic for existing applications. Enzyme being applied in textile processing for the removal of hydrogen peroxide before dyeing is catalase. Undoubtedly, the use of microbial enzymes can expected to expand to other areas of the textile or replacement of existing chemicals in mechanical processes not too distant future.

Contrary to the textile processing enzymes used in detergents since its inception in 1960, and detergents are referred to as "biological", and the stains are broken with the milder conditions of washing at lower temperatures saving energy and protecting the fabric. Cellulose Enzymes could replace the pumice stones to produce "stone-washed" denim garments, stones can damage clothing, in particular, hems and waist, and most manufacturers are using now the treatment of the enzyme. The cellulose enzymes are biopolishing, removing hair from the surface of cellulose fibers, which removes pilling and soft fabrics make cleaner future. Similarly protease enzymes have been developed for wool.

Interesting uses of enzymes are found in the biotransformation of biocatalytic with the transformation of one chemical to another. In practice, either intact cells, a cell extract or an isolated enzyme system can be used as catalyst for a specific reaction. The concentration of individual enzymes in cells is typically less than 1 per cent so far can be increased by gene amplification techniques. The production of bulk chemicals for petroleum-based processes is being replaced by biotransformations, the Biotechnology compete with chemical synthesis. For example, the optical activity of chemicals as precursors of polymer is likely to increase metabolism has a particular advantage on traditional chemical methods.

Textile auxiliaries: These are the colors produced by fermentation or plant in the future in the nineteenth century, many of colors used for coloring textiles came from plants such as indigo, indigo and more crazy. Many microorganisms produce pigments during their growth, that are substantive, as indicated by permanent staining associated with mold growth in textiles and plastics. Some species produce up to 30% of its dry weight as a pigment, such as microbial benzoquinone pigments, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone, and derivatives perinaphthenone and benzofluoranthenequinone, similar in some cases, the important group of vat dyes. The organisms have great potential for direct production of novel textile dyes or dyes intermediates by controlled fermentation techniques replacing chemical synthesis. Production and evaluation of microbial pigments as textile colorants is BTTG currently being investigated. Another avenue of biotechnology for the production of pigments for use in foods, cosmetics and textile industry is cell culture vegetables, such as red pigment shikonin (cosmetics) is being produced commercially since 1983 in Japan. Shikonin was extracted from the roots of five years erythrorhiz age where Lithosperum plants constitutes about 1 to 2 percent dry weight of roots. In tissue culture, pigment production of about 15 percent of dry weight of root cells have been achieved.

New tools of analysis: The work on molecular biology BTTG has led the development of species specific DNA probes for the fibers of animals to detect adulteration of high-value specialty fibers such as cashmere fibers for much cheaper for example, wool and yak hair. Rapid methods are being developed to assist in early detection of biodeterioration textiles and other materials. BTTG has shown that the presence of viable microorganisms on textiles can be assessed using the enzyme isolated from the firefly luciferase (Photinus pyralis), which emit light (bioluminescence) in combination with the ATP produced by microorganisms.

Waste management: microbes or their enzymes are used to degrade toxic waste instead of traditional processes, therefore waste treatment useful for the industrial assets of biotechnology. The elimination of color from textile dyeing effluents, toxic compounds of heavy metals and pentachlorophenol, used in abroad as a rotting Safe treatment of cotton fabrics washed, but during subsequent processing in the UK represent a challenge for disposal. Current efforts are in solving these problems may biotechnology seems to offer the most effective solutions.

Conclusions: The biotechnology is being next treated as a science with enormous commercial implications for many industrial sectors in the coming years. It has successfully developed new products, open new doors, the accelerated production and helped clean up the environment. Primarily in biotechnology is contributing much to the textile industries, but knowledge Current is low. Michael Heseltine recently released Biotechnology Initiative Media a company in the UK to inform businesses about biotechnology and contacted to implement biotechnology experts to give a competitive advantage to your business to win new markets. For example, downstream processing after fermentation of the accounts of at least 70 percent of production costs of biotechnology and there is a need for better filtration and separation techniques. Hollow fibers and membranes that separate molecules by size, are finding increased application in this field.

Enzymes are used in detergents such as protease, removes stains caused by proteins, such as blood, grass, egg and human sweat. Amylase removes stains based on starch, such as those carried by the potatoes, pasta, rice and cream. Lipase breaks down fats, oils and fats stain removal based salad oils, butter, fat, sauces and soups, and certain cosmetics such as lipstick. Cellulase illuminates and softens the tissue and the release of dirt particles trapped in the fibers. Briefly improvement biotechnology varieties of plants used in the production of textile and fiber properties, and is derived from animal fibers and health care of animals, along with the novel fibers of biopolymers and genetically modified microorganisms. The survismeter is an effective tool for characterizing fermentation broth.

References

1. Biotechnology Means Business: State of the art on "The Textile and Clothing ", 1995, the Biotechnology Unit, DTI, LGC, Queens Rd., Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LY, UK.
2. Little Book on enzymes and Environment, 1993, NovoNordisk A / S, DK - 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.

Glossary: Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their cellular, sub cellular or molecular components for the manufacture of products and establish processes. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule for carrying chemicals hereditary information passed from parents to children. DNA probe: single strand of DNA for the presence of complementary strands of DNA. Enzymes, protein molecules that the rate of specific chemical reactions and remain unchanged. Gene: unit of heredity composed of DNA.

Genetic Engineering: A range of techniques to manipulate DNA and thus alter the genetic makeup of living organisms. Of transgenesis: the stable incorporation of foreign DNA from one species to another. For example, the incorporation of genes from a bacterium resistant to insects has developed transgenic plants.

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